Fatores de estresse e resiliência no acesso e utilização de serviços de saúde por travestis e mulheres transexuais no nordeste brasileiro / Stress and resilience factors in the access and utilization of health services by travestis and transgender women in northeast Brazil

Resumo O gênero é uma categoria social diretamente ligada à determinação da saúde, mas tem sido frequentemente limitado às categorias de masculino e feminino, invisibilizando demandas importantes de identidades que fogem ao binarismo, como no caso de identidade transgênero (travestis e transexuais). A teoria do estresse de minorias de gênero categoriza fatores de estresse e resiliência relevantes para explicar como as vivências ligadas ao gênero impactam de maneira desproporcional pessoas transgênero, especialmente em desfechos de saúde mental. Nesse contexto, este estudo analisa a relação entre acesso e uso de serviços de saúde e os fatores de estresse e resiliência de travestis e mulheres transexuais no interior do nordeste brasileiro. Foi conduzida uma pesquisa qualitativa em saúde: dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com cinco mulheres trans adultas, residentes da região do Cariri, Ceará. Observou-se homogeneidade no acesso à saúde, mas todas as entrevistadas enfrentaram situações de estresse durante a utilização. Identificaram-se fatores de resiliência que levam essa população a buscar cuidados de saúde fora do sistema de saúde, devido a suas dificuldades de uso. Portanto, evidencia-se a necessidade de discutir a amplitude e o progresso do processo transexualizador e a capacidade de aplicação da Política Nacional de Saúde Integral de Lésbicas, Gays, Bissexuais e Transgêneros no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde no interior do nordeste brasileiro.

Abstract Gender is a social category directly linked to health determination, but it has often been constrained to the categories of male and female, obscuring significant demands from identities that go beyond this binary framework, such as transgender identities (travestis and transsexuals). Gender minority stress is a theory that categorizes stress and resilience factors relevant to explaining how gender experiences disproportionately impact transgender individuals, particularly in mental health outcomes. Given this context, this study examines the relations between user access and use of health services and the stress and resilience factors of travestis and transgender women in northeastern Brazil. A qualitative health research was conducted with data collected by means of semi-structured interviews with five adult trans women residing in the Cariri region, Ceará state. Health access was homogeneous, yet all interviewees faced stress-inducing situations during service use. Resilience factors were identified, leading this population to seek healthcare outside the state system due to use challenges. These findings highlight the need to discuss the breadth and progress of gender affirming care and the applicability of the National Policy of Comprehensive Healthcare for LGBT individuals within the Brazilian National Health System in northeastern Brazil.

Obstáculos identificados por las personas trans en la accesibilidad a los consultorios inclusivos en la provincia de Buenos Aires / Barriers to access inclusive healthcare services identified by transgender people in Buenos Aires province

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN El acceso a la salud para las personas trans ha sido históricamente obstaculizado por el estigma y la discriminación institucional. A pesar de los avances legales y sociales en materia de reconocimiento de derechos de los últimos años, todavía se identifican barreras para su efectivo cumplimiento. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo describir las principales barreras en la accesibilidad a los consultorios inclusivos (CI) y analizar las necesidades específicas de la población trans que se atiende en la provincia de Buenos Aires (PBA). MÉTODOS Se presenta un subanálisis de un estudio cualitativo más amplio realizado en 2017, cuyo objetivo fue relevar información sobre demandas sanitarias, accesibilidad y calidad de atención de los servicios de salud específicos para población de lesbianas, gays, bisexuales y trans (LGBT) en ocho efectores de la PBA. La muestra fue intencional, conformada por 29 entrevistas semiestructuradas a referentes y profesionales y 2 grupos focales con masculinidades y feminidades trans, respectivamente. Se realizó un análisis temático. RESULTADOS Se identificaron barreras organizacionales y simbólicas, sobre todo en los CI que funcionan en hospitales. Entre las simbólicas, se evidencia la persistencia de prácticas patologizantes en salud mental. DISCUSIÓN Los CI brindan una respuesta satisfactoria, pero transitoria. Es necesario transversalizar la perspectiva de género a todas las intervenciones en salud.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Access to health for trans people has historically been hampered by institutional stigma and discrimination. Despite the legal and social advances achieved in recent years in terms of recognition of rights, barriers to effective enforcement are still identified. The objective of this work was to describe the main barriers to access inclusive healthcare services and analyze the specific needs of trans people receiving healthcare in the province of Buenos Aires (PBA). METHODS A subanalysis of a wider qualitative study conducted in 2017 is presented, its objective was to collect information on healthcare needs, accessibility and quality of care of health services specific for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) population in eight healthcare providers of PBA. The sample was intentional, including 29 semi-structured interviews to social organization leaders and professionals, and 2 focus groups with trans masculinities and femininities, respectively. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Organizational and symbolic barriers were identified, especially in inclusive healthcare services functioning in hospitals. One of the symbolic ones was the persistence of pathologizing practices in mental healthcare. DISCUSSION Inclusive healthcare services provide a satisfactory, but temporary response. It is necessary to adopt a cross-cutting gender perspective for all healthcare interventions.

Challenges and impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on men that have sex with men in accessing healthcare services in Nigeria

Background: Men with sex with men (MSM) may face obstacles in accessing culturally competent and quality healthcare services since current medical practice does not often promote discussing sexual habits. The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has further affected this group. This study assessed the impacts of COVID-19 and the general challenges of MSM in Benue State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This study was a quantitative cross-sectional survey conducted across three geopolitical zones of Benue State using a multistage cluster sampling method to collect data from MSM. The data collected were analyzed using IBM-Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM-SPSS) version 25.0 for Windows IBM Corp., Armonk, New York. Result: More than half (59.2%) of respondents said they were not denied healthcare services, and 78.4% were not afraid to seek them. Most (88%) were comfortable seeking medical help, and 61.6% did not experience stigmatization from healthcare providers. Many (68.0%) were not exposed to violence after sharing their status with healthcare providers. About half (50.4%) said COVID-19 did not affect their general quality of life. Over half (51.2%) said there was a decline in access to resources like food and money during the pandemic, 49.6% experienced difficulties accessing HIV testing, and 52.0% could not access PrEP. More than half (53.6%) reported challenges getting viral load or other laboratory tests, but 57.5% had no trouble getting HIV medication prescriptions. Conclusion: The Federal Government, and the Ministry of Health, Nigeria, should support intervention programs, peer educators, and outreach workers providing services to MSM

Access to childbirth care services in the interior of Pernambuco, Northeast region of Brazil / Acesso aos serviços de atenção ao parto no interior de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the access of women to the public health system network to childbirth care, highlighting the barriers related to the "availability and accommodation" dimension in a health macroregion of Pernambuco. METHODS Ecological study, conducted based on hospital birth records from the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), and information from the state's Hospital Beds Regulation Center, about women residing in health macroregion II, in 2018. Displacements were reviewed considering the geographic distance between the municipality of residence and that of the childbirth; estimated time of displacement of pregnant women; ratio of shifts blocked for admission of pregnant women for delivery; and the reason for unavailability. RESULTS In 2018, health macroregion II performed 84% of usual risk childbirths, and 46.9% of high-risk childbirths. The remaining high-risk childbirths (51.1%) occurred in macroregion I, especially in Recife. The reference maternity for high-risk childbirths in that macroregion had 30.4% of the days of day shifts and 38.9% of the night shifts blocked for admission of childbirths; the main reason was the difficulty in maintaining the full team in service. CONCLUSIONS Women residing in the health macroregion II of Pernambuco face great barriers of access in search of hospital care for childbirth, traveling great distances even when pregnant women of usual risk, leading to pilgrimage in search of this care. There is difficulty regarding availability and accommodation in high-risk services and obstetric emergencies, with shortage of physical and human resources. The obstetric care network in macroregion II of Pernambuco is not structured to ensure equitable access to care for pregnant women at the time of childbirth. This highlights the need for restructuring this healthcare services pursuant to what is recommended by the Cegonha Network.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar o acesso de mulheres atendidas na rede pública aos serviços de atenção ao parto, destacando-se as barreiras relacionadas à dimensão "disponibilidade e acomodação" em uma macrorregião de saúde de Pernambuco. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico, realizado a partir dos registros de partos hospitalares do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar e de informações da Central de Regulação de Leitos do estado sobre mulheres residentes na macrorregião de saúde II, em 2018. Analisou-se os deslocamentos, considerando a distância geográfica entre o município de residência e o de ocorrência do parto, o tempo estimado do deslocamento das gestantes, a proporção de plantões bloqueados para admissão das gestantes para o parto e o motivo da indisponibilidade. RESULTADOS Em 2018, a macrorregião de saúde II realizou 84% dos partos de risco habitual e 46,9% de alto risco. Os demais partos de alto risco (51,1%) ocorreram na macrorregião I, sobretudo no Recife. A maternidade de referência para partos de alto risco dessa macrorregião teve 30,4% dos dias de plantões diurnos bloqueados para admissão de partos e 38,9% dos noturnos; o principal motivo foi a dificuldade em manter a equipe completa no serviço. CONCLUSÕES Mulheres residentes na macrorregião de saúde II de Pernambuco enfrentam grandes barreiras de acesso em busca de atendimento hospitalar para o parto, percorrendo grandes distâncias, mesmo quando gestantes de risco habitual, levando à peregrinação em busca dessa assistência. Há dificuldade de disponibilidade e acomodação nos serviços de alto risco e de emergências obstétricas, com insuficiente capacidade física e de recursos humanos. A rede de atenção obstétrica na macrorregião II de Pernambuco não está estruturada para garantir um acesso equânime à assistência das gestantes no momento do parto, o que evidencia a necessidade de sua reestruturação em aproximação ao preconizado pela Rede Cegonha.

Role Of Primary Healthcare Centers In Rural Health Services Of The Bishnupur District, Manipur

The geographical area and the total population of Manipur shows that the majority are rural areas with higher rural population. People residing in rural areas are more prone to different kind of illness and diseases as compared to urban residents. Therefore, providence of healthcare services are vital to rural peoples. The state Governments, Health Department or the concerned authorities need to survey and takes up certain steps for the easier availability of the healthcare services and also the quality of facilities and services provided in the rural areas

Impact of Covid-19 Disease on Health Care Services of Leprosy Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Centre, Telangana

Covid - 19 disease was declared as a pandemic by World Health Organization in March 2020. Subsequently, a nationwide lock down for variable intensity and periods was announced in India to contain the disease. Leprosy patients faced difficulties during this pandemic owing to their long-term health care requirements and lack of access to leprosy services during covid time. This resulted in deprivation of multi - drug therapy (MDT), steroids and other drugs to leprosy patients, which is detrimental to the patients as well as to the society. This study was conducted to analyze the impact of covid-19 pandemic induced lock downs and movement restrictions on leprosy patients attending a tertiary care centre. This provides data to assess their impact on leprosy healthcare services. The study observed a marked decrease in the number of leprosy patients attending the leprosy out patient care and also a reduction in the number of new cases registered during the year 2020. Quarterly analysis showed maximum reduction of cases occurring during the lockdown period and peak covid-19 infection periods. As there is a likelihood of this pandemic continuing and similar other disruptions may occur again, there is a need to assure that MDT and health care services reach leprosy patients by various other means. Some of the modifications can be a) supplying a 3 to 6 month course at a time as A-MDT, b) home delivery of drugs by health workers c) promotion of telemedicine services for leprosy patients d) optimal utilization of social media to educate and counsel leprosy patients on both covid-19 and leprosy. It is also important that leprosy clinics and drug delivery services should be continued both in Covid and Non-covid hospitals at par with Revised National TB Control Programe (RNTPC) renamed as National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) and Anti-Retroviral Treatment (ART) services.

Rural community health workers’ readiness for mobile-phone based telemedicine uptake in India / Journal of Rural Medicine

Objective: Healthcare services using mobile-phone based telemedicine provide simple technology that does not require sophisticated equipment. This study assessed community health workers’ knowledge, attitude, and practice (i.e., their readiness) at the village level for uptake of mobile-phone based telemedicine.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 80 community health workers, including Auxiliary Nurse Midwives, Multipurpose Health Workers and Accredited Social Health Activists working in a rural health block of India. A pre-tested, semi-structured, interviewer-assisted, self-administered questionnaire was used to assess their mobile-phone based telemedicine readiness.Results: Sixty (75.0%) health workers owned mobile phones. The median readiness score for mobile-phone based telemedicine was 109.0. The Accredited Social Health Activists showed a better attitude toward mobile-phone based telemedicine than others. There was a significant moderate positive correlation (r=0.67) between knowledge and practice domains. Community health workers who had smartphones showed a significantly better attitude than those who did not.Conclusion: Training programs on telemedicine service delivery, focused on Auxiliary Nurse Midwives/ Multipurpose Health Workers, can improve their attitudes towards telemedicine. A better attitude of the Accredited Social Health Activists must be leveraged to initiate mobile-phone based telemedicine services on a pilot basis initially and later scaled up in other settings.

Epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis patientsaged 60 years and older in Quzhou City / 预防医学

Objective@#To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis cases at ages of 60 years and older in Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the pulmonary tuberculosis control strategy among the elderly. @*Methods@#The data pertaining to pulmonary tuberculosis cases at ages of 60 years and older in Quzhou City from 2010 to 2020 were collected through the Tuberculosis Management Information System of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The trends for incidence, population distribution, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis cases aged 60 years and older were analyzed using a descriptive epidemiological method.@*Results@#Totally 8 754 pulmonary tuberculosis cases aged 60 years and older were reported in Quzhou City from 2010 to 2020, accounting for 47.65% of all pulmonary tuberculosis cases, and the number of pulmonary tuberculosis appeared a tendency towards a rise ( χ2trend=173.320, P<0.001 ), while the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis showed a tendency towards a decline ( χ2trend=389.820, P<0.001 ), with an annual decline rate of 177.11/105. There were 4 307 smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases, accounting for 58.71% of all smear-positive cases, and the number of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases showed a tendency towards a rise ( χ2trend=126.320, P<0.001 ), while the proportion of smear-positive cases showed a tendency towards a decline ( χ2trend=21.680, P<0.001 ), with an annual smear-positive rate of 87.14/105. The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis was 256.94/105 among males and 91.43/105 among females at ages of 60 years and older ( χ2=20.903, P<0.001 ). The highest incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis was seen in patients aged 80 to 84 years ( 235.17/105 ), and farmers were the predominant occupation ( 7 171 cases, 81.92% ), while the highest number of cases was reported in Quzhou City (8 676 cases, 99.11%). There were 7 752 treatment-naïve cases ( 88.55% ), while 5 830 cases with delay in seeking healthcare services, and the proportion of delay in seeking healthcare services showed a tendency towards a rise from 2010 to 2020 ( χ2trend=4.853, P=0.028 ), with an annual mean delay rate of was 66.60%.@*Conclusion@#The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis appeared a tendency towards a decline among patients aged 60 years and older in Quzhou City from 2010 to 2020, and the elderly aged 80 years and older and farmers should be paid more attention.

Discussion on the current situation and prospect of compact county medical community in China based on typical cases / 中华医院管理杂志

In order to further promote hierarchical medical system and enhance the capacity of primary healthcare services, China began to build compact county medical community. At present, the development of China′s compact county community still exists such problems as the construction of service system, the basic institutional mechanism, the quality of supply capacity and the core guarantee mechanism. In order to solve the existing problems, the authors took Shaxian District of Sanming City, Fujian Province, Dancheng County of Zhoukou City, Henan Province, and Yangqu County, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province as examples to summarize the experience of the advanced pilot areas of the policy. In the future, the construction of compact county community in China should be based on the construction of " single-core multi-layer" system, starting from the five levels of collaborative management, practical operation, system construction, basic guarantee and multi-party supervision, to comprehensively enhance the healthcare services, and finally achieve the goal of the strategy of hierarchical medical and Healthy China.

Efficacy and effectivity of UVC for disinfection of hospital materials of COVID-19 patients / Eficácia e efetividade do UVC para desinfecção de materiais hospitalares de pacientes com COVID-19 / Eficacia y efectividad de UVC para desinfección de material hospitalario de pacientes con COVID-19

Background and Objectives: After the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, more effective and efficient means were needed to disinfect hospital materials. The objective of our study is to evaluate the in vitro efficacy and the economic effectiveness of type C ultraviolet (UVC) irradiation for disinfection of materials used in the care of COVID-19 patients. Methods. Four bipartite Cled plates were inoculated with suspensions of 10,000 CFU/mL of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains, exposed to two 18W lamps, placed inside a laminar flow and incubated for quantitative growth assessments. The germicidal equipment was built: the "UVC box" was developed with two 18W lamps for use in materials returned to pharmacy and a "UVC closet" with two 60W lamps for surgical gowns exposure. The economic effectiveness was evaluated by comparing inventory costs with quarantine of materials versus UVC usage costs. Results. Microbiological inactivation in the plates started after 4 minutes with an efficiency close to 100% at 8 minutes. The "UVC box" reduced the time to release the material from 9 days to immediately, generating savings of approximately R$ 68,400, and the "UVC closet" changed the use of surgical gowns to 0.7/patient, compared to the usual of 1.5, generating savings of nearly 3,000 reais/month. The cost of installation and maintenance was R$ 1,500. Conclusions. The efficacy and effectiveness of the UVC system was proven, as well as the economy promoted by its installation.(AU)

Justificativa e Objetivos: Após o início da pandemia de COVID-19, meios mais efetivos e eficazes foram necessários para desinfetar materiais hospitalares. Este trabalho visa avaliar a eficácia in vitro e a efetividade econômica de luz ultravioleta tipo C (UVC) para desinfecção de materiais usados em pacientes com COVID-19. Métodos: Quatro placas bipartidas de Cled foram inoculadas com suspensões de 10.000 ufc/mL de cepas de Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus, expostas a duas lâmpadas de 18W, colocadas dentro de um fluxo laminar e incubadas para avaliações quantitativas de crescimento. O equipamento germicida foi construído: uma "caixa UVC" com duas lâmpadas de 18W para materiais da farmácia e um "armário UVC" com duas lâmpadas 60W para exposição de capotes. A efetividade econômica foi avaliada comparando os custos de estoque, com quarentena de materiais versus custos de uso da UVC. Resultados: A inativação microbiológica nas placas se iniciou a partir de 4 minutos, com eficácia próxima a 100% aos 8 minutos. A "caixa de UVC" reduziu o tempo para liberação do material de 9 dias para imediato, gerando uma economia de aproximadamente R$ 68.400,00, e o "armário de UVC" alterou o uso de capotes para 0,7/paciente, comparado ao uso habitual de 1,5, gerando uma economia de 3.000 reais/mês. O custo de instalação e manutenção foi de R$ 1.500,00. Conclusão: Foi comprovada a eficácia e efetividade dos sistemas UVC, além da economia promovida por sua instalação.(AU)

Justificación y Objetivos. Después del inicio de la pandemia de COVID-19, se necesitaron medios más efectivos y eficientes para desinfectar los materiales hospitalarios. El artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar la eficacia in vitroy la efectividad económica de la luz ultravioleta tipo C (UVC) para desinfección de materiales utilizados en la atención al paciente con COVID-19. Métodos. Cuatro placas partidas Cledfueron inoculadas consuspensiones de 10,000 UFC/mL de cepas de Escherichia coliy Staphylococcusaureus, expuestas a dos lámparas de 18W, colocadas dentro del flujo laminar e incubadas para evaluaciones cuantitativas de crecimiento. Se construyó el equipo germicida: una "caja UVC" con dos lámparas de 18W para materiales de farmacia y un "armario UVC" con dos lámparas de 60W para exponerlas batas. La efectividad económica se evaluó comparando los costos de inventario con la cuarentena de materiales, versus loscostos de uso de UVC. Resultados. La inactivación microbiológica en las placas se inició a los 4 minutos con una eficiencia cercana al 100% a los 8 minutos. La "caja UVC" redujoeltiempo de liberacióndel material de 9 días a una liberación inmediata, economizando aproximadamente R$ 68.400 y el "armario UVC" cambióel uso de batas a 0,7/paciente, frente al uso habitual de 1,5, economizando aproximadamente 3.000 reales/mes. El costo de instalación y mantenimiento fue R$1.500. Conclusiones. La efectividad y eficaciadel sistema UVC fue comprobada, además de los resultados en la economía por su instalación.(AU)

Gestión por procesos y la referenciación competitiva para la mejora de la calidad de la atención / Process Management and Benchmarking for Improving Quality of Care

Introducción: La calidad es un elemento estratégico que incide en la transformación y mejora de los sistemas sanitarios. Dado su carácter continuo es necesario visualizar y asumir enfoques efectivos para su mejora, como son la gestión por procesos y la referenciación competitiva. Objetivo: Identificar las tendencias de aplicación de la gestión por procesos y la referenciación competitiva en la mejora de la calidad de la atención. Métodos: Metarevisión de artículos de segunda generación del conocimiento, de los años 2014-2020. Se utilizaron las palabras clave "gestión por procesos", "referenciación competitiva", "benchmarking", "benchmarking AND gestión por procesos" y "referenciación competitiva AND gestión por procesos". Los criterios de inclusión para la selección de los artículos fueron: artículos originales publicados a textos completos en inglés, portugués y español, disponible en sitios especializados en áreas de gerencia, revistas electrónicas administración y gestión sanitaria y revistas científicas de calidad en salud. Conclusiones: La revisión realizada mostró escasa literatura que integre la gestión por procesos y la referenciación competitiva para la mejora de la calidad, sin embargo, se identificaron ejemplos de su aplicación de forma independiente. La aplicación de estas tecnologías por los profesionales de enfermería evidenció algunas reservas de mejora que permiten futuras aplicaciones en diversas áreas de práctica de estos profesionales(AU)

Introduction: Quality is a strategic element with an incidence in the transformation and improvement of health systems. Given its continuous nature, it is necessary to visualize and assume effective approaches for its improvement, such as process management and benchmarking. Objective: Identify the application trends of process management and benchmarking in improving quality of care. Methods: Metareview of articles from the second generation of knowledge and published from 2014 to 2020. The following keywords were used: gestión de procesos [process management], referenciación competitiva [benchmarking], benchmarking, benchmarking AND gestión de procesos [benchmarking and process management] and referenciación competitiva AND gestión de procesos [benchmarking AND process management]. The following inclusion criteria were considered for the selection of the articles: original articles published in full texts in English, Portuguese and Spanish; as well as available on sites specialized in management areas, electronic journals on health administration and management, and journals on health quality. Conclusions: The review carried out showed little literature integrating process management and benchmarking for quality improvement; however, examples of their application were identified independently. The application of these technologies by nursing professionals showed some involvement for improvement that allow future applications in several areas of performance by these professionals(AU)

Estratégia saúde da família: contribuições das equipes de saúde no cuidado nutricional da criança / Family health strategy: contributions of health teams in the nutritional care of children

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a estrutura e o processo de trabalho de equipes de saúde da Estratégia Saúde da Família relacionados ao cuidado nutricional da criança. Pequisa avaliativa de 136 equipes de saúde em 45 municípios paraibanos. Os dados de estrutura (disponibilidade de equipamentos antropométricos, suplementos e documentos técnicos) e processo (gestão, intersetorialidade e atividades da Estratégia Amamenta e Alimenta Brasil) foram sintetizados em escores e classificados como incipiente, intermediário ou avançado. Realizaram-se análises segundo características contextuais do município (porte populacional e desenvolvimento humano) e da equipe de saúde (se do Programa Mais Médicos ou convencional e se ampliada ou não com nutricionista). O cuidado nutricional foi classificado no nível intermediário, sendo a disponibilidade de documentos técnicos, o uso do SISVAN ou do e-SUS e a implantação da Estratégia Amamenta e Alimenta Brasil os itens mais deficitários. Municípios de porte grande e equipes de saúde ampliadas com nutricionista apresentaram melhores condições de estrutura e processo, respectivamente. A implantação fragmentada do cuidado nutricional demanda melhorias de estrutura e processo para sua qualificação.

Abstract The scope of this article is to evaluate the structure and work processes of Family Health Strategy teams related to the nutritional care of children. It involved an assessment survey of 136 health teams in 45 municipalities in the State of Paraíba. The data on structure (availability of anthropometric equipment, supplements and technical documents) and processes (management, intersectoriality and activities of the Brazilian Breastfeeding and Feeding Strategy) were summarized in scores and classified as incipient, intermediate or advanced. Analyses were performed according to contextual characteristics of the municipality (population size and human development) and the health team (whether from the Programa Mais Médicos or conventional teams, and whether accompanied by a nutritionist or not). Nutritional care was classified at the intermediate level, with the availability of technical documents, the use of SISVAN or the e-SUS and the implementation of the Brazilian Breastfeeding and Feeding Strategy being the most deficient items. Large municipalities and expanded health teams with nutritionists had better structure and process conditions, respectively. The fragmented implementation of nutritional care calls for improvements in structure and processes for due fitness for purpose.

Acesso de pessoas que vivem com tuberculose aos programas governamentais de suporte e transferência de renda: a ótica dos profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família / Access of people living with tuberculosis to government support and income transfer programs: the perspective of Family Health Strategy professionals

Objetivo: analisar a percepção de profissionais de saúde sobre o acesso das pessoas com tuberculose aos programas sociais governamentais e de transferência de renda. Método: estudo qualitativo, de caráter descritivo exploratório, realizado com 29 profissionais de saúde que prestavam assistência às pessoas com tuberculose em unidades básicas de saúde do município do Rio de Janeiro/RJ, no período de janeiro a fevereiro de 2020. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada e para a análise dos dados a técnica de análise de conteúdo temática. Resultados: as pessoas com tuberculose em situação de vulnerabilidade são encaminhadas ao Centro de Referência de Assistência Social. No entanto, os profissionais reconhecem as dificuldades das pessoas obterem os benefícios governamentais devido a processos burocráticos, falta de documentação e indisponibilidade de recursos do governo para atender todas as necessidades. Além disso, nem sempre é possível identificar o tipo de suporte recebido devido à fragilidade na articulação entre os profissionais de saúde e assistência social no sistema de referência e contrarreferência. Conclusão: os resultados permitiram concluir que há desconhecimento dos profissionais da atenção primária sobre o real acesso das pessoas com tuberculose aos programas sociais governamentais e de transferência de renda disponíveis, necessitando de capacitação profissional para o fortalecimento das relações intersetoriais que visem à atenção integral às necessidades da clientela atendida e a efetividade do tratamento e das ações de controle da doença.

Objective: To analyze the perception of healthcare professionals about the access of people with tuberculosis to government social programs and income transfer. Method: This is a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive study carried out with 29 healthcare professionals who provided care to people with tuberculosis in basic healthcare units in the city of Rio de Janeiro/RJ, from January to February 2020. For the collection of data, semi-structured interviews were used, and the thematic content analysis technique was used for data analysis. Results: Vulnerable people with tuberculosis are referred to the Social Assistance Reference Center. However, professionals recognize the difficulties of people obtaining government benefits due to bureaucratic processes, lack of documentation and unavailability of government resources to meet all needs. In addition, it is not always possible to identify the type of support received due to the fragility in the articulation between healthcare and social assistance professionals in the referral and counter-referral system. Conclusion: The results allowed to conclude that there is a lack of knowledge of primary care professionals about the real access of people with tuberculosis to government social programs and available income transfer programs, requiring professional training to strengthen intersectoral relationships aimed at providing comprehensive care to the needs of the clientele served and the effectiveness of treatment and disease control actions.

Qualidade das práticas de profissionais dos programas de controle de infecção hospitalar no brasil / Quality of the practices of professionals in hospital infection control programs in Brazil

Programa de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar (PCIH), conhecido na atualidade como Programa de Controle de Infecção Relacionada à Assistência à Saúde (PCIRAS) é um conjunto de ações desenvolvidas deliberada e sistematicamente, com vistas à redução máxima possível da incidência e da gravidade das infecções. A construção deste programa deve considerar a realidade local e as especificidades organizacionais. No entanto, as atividades desenvolvidas pelos serviços de saúde são diversificadas, sendo que no Brasil ainda falta apoio financeiro, incentivo governamental e ainda não há estabelecido um índice de qualidade que permita a comparação entre os locais, tornando-se barreiras para implementação efetiva do PCIH. Objetivo: Analisar a qualidade dos programas de controle de infecção hospitalar no Brasil. Metodologia: Este estudo foi desenvolvido em três etapas: (1) revisão integrativa da literatura; (2) construção e validação de questionário para avaliação dos programas de controle de infecção; (3) estudo transversal realizado em 114 serviços de controle de infecção hospitalar. A revisão da literatura contemplou as bases de dados da LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus e SciELO, por meio dos descritores MeSH: Hospital Infection Control Program, Cross Infection, Quality of Health Care e Infection Control. Para a validação das propriedades psicométricas do instrumento foi feita categorização de acordo com os componentes de estrutura, processo e resultado. O estudo epidemiológico foi realizado em serviços de controle de infecção nas cinco regiões do Brasil, sendo a coleta de dados conduzida entre novembro de 2018 e janeiro de 2019. O Índice de Qualidade dos Programas de Controle de Infecção (IQPCI) foi elaborado por meio da Análise de Componentes Principais aplicada à matriz de correlação amostral das variáveis. Foram definidas as faixas de valores do IQPCI e as respectivas categorias de qualidade. Já o teste não paramétrico Kruskal-Wallis foi escolhido para comparação dos escores obtidos e o nível de significância admitido foi de 0,05. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando os softwares Epi Info versão 6.0 e IBM® SPSS versão 27. Resultados: Etapa 1: Revisão integrativa: obteve-se uma amostra final de 10 artigos publicados, principalmente no Scopus (60%) e na Web of Science (30%). Observou-se que os elementos estruturais variaram entre os países estudados, sugerindo necessidade de melhoria organizacional e de recursos humanos. Etapa 2: O questionário apresentou índice de validade de conteúdo com média de 0,902 (±0,076) e boa consistência interna dos itens (teste alfa de Cronbach = 0,82), tendo sido utilizado nas cinco regiões brasileiras. Etapa 3: O melhor índice de qualidade dos programas de controle de infecção foi identificado na região Sul (p=0,02), nos hospitais que continham 300 leitos ou mais (p<0,01), naqueles que utilizavam o critério National Healthcare Safety Network para vigilância das infecções (p<0,01) e nos locais que realizavam busca ativa prospectiva como método de vigilância (p<0,01). Conclusão: A revisão integrativa da literatura mostrou a necessidade de investimentos nos componentes de estrutura, processo e resultado. As propriedades psicométricas do instrumento foram validadas, podendo ser utilizado de forma eficiente e confiável em nível nacional. Os resultados reforçaram que o PCIH possui ações diversificadas no contexto da prevenção e controle de IRAS. Por esse motivo, a qualidade dos programas de controle de infecção está relacionada à região do Brasil, ao número de leitos e ao método adotado para vigilância das infecções.

Infection control programs is a set of actions developed deliberately and systematically, with a view to reducing the maximum possible occurrence and severity of infections. The program construction must consider the local reality of the program as organizational specificities. However, the activities carried out by the health services are diversified, and in Brazil there is still a lack of government incentive, advanced financial support and there is still no established quality index that allows comparison between locations, becoming barriers to effective implementation. Objective: To analyze the quality of hospital infection control programs in Brazil. Methodology: This study was developed in three stages: (1) integrative literature review; (2) construction and validation of a questionnaire to assess infection control programs; (3) cross-sectional study carried out in 114 hospital infection control services. The literature review included the LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus and SciELO databases, using the MeSH descriptors: Hospital Infection Control Program, Cross Infection, Quality of Health Care and Infection Control. For the validation of the instrument's psychometric properties, categorization was performed according to the structure, process and result components. The epidemiological study was carried out in infection control services in the five regions of Brazil, with data collection conducted between November 2018 and January 2019. The Infection Control Programs Quality Index (IQPCI in Portuguese) was elaborated through Principal Component Analysis applied to the sampling correlation matrix of the variables. The IQPCI ranges of values and the respective quality categories were defined. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was chosen to compare the scores obtained and the accepted significance level was 0.05. Statistical analyzes were performed using Epi Info version 6.0 and IBM® SPSS version 27 software. Results: Step 1: Integrative review: a final sample of 10 published articles was obtained, mainly in Scopus (60%) and Web of Science (30%). It was observed that the structural elements varied between the countries studied, suggesting the need for organizational and human resources improvement. Step 2: The questionnaire presented a content validity index with a mean of 0.902 (±0.076) and good internal consistency of the items (Cronbach's alpha test = 0.82), having been used in the five Brazilian regions. Step 3: The best quality index of infection control programs was identified in the South region (p=0.02), in hospitals with 300 beds or more (p<0.01), in those using the National Healthcare criteria Safety Network for surveillance of infections (p<0.01) and in places that performed prospective active search as a surveillance method (p<0.01). Conclusion: The integrative literature review showed the need for investments in the structure, process and result components. The psychometric properties of the instrument have been validated and can be used efficiently and reliably at the national level. The results reinforced that the Infection Control Programs has diversified actions in the context of healthcare associated infections prevention and control. For this reason, the quality of infection control programs is related to the region of Brazil, the number of beds and the method adopted for surveillance of infections.

Barriers to the care of febrile patients in a malaria endemic area. El Bagre (Antioquia, Colombia) 2016 / Barreras para la atención de pacientes febriles en una zona endémica de malaria. El Bagre (Antioquia, Colombia) 2016 / Barreiras para a atenção de pacientes febriles em uma zona endemica de malaria. O Bagre

Objective: identify constraints of patients with acute febrile syndrome to institutional care services access, emphasizing the identification of communication barriers. Method: this is a descriptive study that involves qualitative research techniques including malaria care service patients as well as assistance and administrative personnel of El Bagre town in Antioquia, Colombia in 2016. Semi-structured individual surveys, interviews and focus groups were used. Results: users listed difficulties including transportation, insufficient number of appointments and absence of personnel to access healthcare. Communication difficulties were related to the information provided in the paperwork and documents filled out to attend healthcare facilities, scarce information about diagnostic, control, and adherence to antimalarial treatment; additionally some patients did not use Spanish to communicate in oral or write form. Conclusion: the creation of health models based on structural transformations that encompass the needs of Healthcare System actors and communities is a must, which allows the establishment of foundations for a multicultural society project

Objetivo: Identificar limitaciones de los pacientes con síndrome febril agudo para acceder a los servicios de atención institucional, con énfasis en la identificación de barreras de comunicación.Método: Estudio descriptivo que involucra técnicas de investigación cualitativa con pacientes de los servicios de atención de la malaria y con personal asistencial y administrativo del municipio de El Bagre Antioquia, Colombia en el 2016. Se aplicaron encuestas semiestructuradas individuales, entrevistas y grupos focales. Los usuarios señalaron dificultades con el transporte, insuficiente número de citas y falta de personal para acceder a la atención. Resultados: Las dificultades de comunicación se relacionaron con la información suministrada sobre trámites y documentación para asistir a los puestos de salud, poca información sobre el diagnóstico, control y adherencia al tratamiento antimalárico y el no uso de algunos pacientes del español para comunicarse en forma verbal o escrita. Conclusiones: Esto exige crear modelos de salud basados en transformaciones estructurales que abarquen las necesidades de los actores del sistema de salud y las comunidades, permitiendo establecer las bases para un proyecto multicultural de sociedad.

Objetivo: Identificar limitações dos pacientes com síndrome febril agudo para aceder aos serviços de atenção institucional, com ênfase na identificação de barreiras de comunicação. Método: Estudo descritivo que involucra técnicas de pesquisa qualitativa com pacientes dos serviços de atenção da malária e com equipe assistencial e administrativo do município do Bagre Antioquia, Colômbia no 2016. Fizeram-se enquetes semiestruturadas individuais, entrevistas e grupos focais. Os usuários sinalaram dificuldades com o transporte, insuficiente número de horas marcadas e falta de pessoal para aceder à atenção. Resultados: As dificuldades de comunicação se relacionaram com a informação subministrada sobre trâmites e documentação para chegar aos SUS (Sistema Único de Saúde), pouca informação sobre o diagnóstico, controle e aderência ao tratamento antimalárico e o não uso de alguns pacientes do espanhol para comunicar-se em forma verbal ou escrita. Conclusões: Isto exige criar modelos de saúde baseados em transformações estruturais que abarquem as necessidades dos atores do sistema de saúde e as comunidades, permitindo estabelecer as bases para um projeto multicultural de sociedade.

Análise de dimensões do acesso à saúde das crianças com Síndrome Congênita de Zika (SCZ) na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro / Dimensional analysis of access to health of children with Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS) in the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro

Resumo Desde 2015 a população brasileira vive com as repercussões da epidemia de Zika, levantando o debate sobre as dificuldades de diagnóstico e acesso aos cuidados para crianças com Síndrome Congênita do Zika. As regiões Nordeste e Sudeste foram as mais atingidas, desafiando-nos a caracterizar o acesso à saúde das crianças portadoras da Síndrome Congênita do Zika nessas regiões. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a disponibilidade e a acessibilidade dos serviços de saúde para a reabilitação das crianças com Síndrome Congênita do Zika na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. A metodologia consistiu no mapeamento dos casos de Síndrome Congênita do Zika entre 2015 e 2017 na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro por bairros de residência e relacionados com a localização das unidades de reabilitação indicadas no Protocolo da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro. Como resultado foram identificados 202 casos de Síndrome Congênita do Zika na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro no período de 2015 a 2017. A região teve 85% de todos os casos do estado do Rio de Janeiro, o município do Rio de Janeiro concentrou 63% dos casos. A acessibilidade nesse município é a melhor se comparada com os demais da região metropolitana, dado que é a capital do estado e concentra grande parte dos serviços especializados em saúde materno-infantil.

Abstract Since 2015, the Brazilian population has lived with the repercussions of the Zika epidemic, raising the debate on the difficulties of diagnosis and access to care for children with Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). The Northeast and Southeast regions were the hardest hit, challenging us to characterize the access to health of children with ZCS in these regions. The aim of this paper is to analyse the availability and accessibility of health services for the rehabilitation of children with CZS in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region (RMRJ). The methodology consisted of mapping the cases of CZS between 2015 and 2017 in RJRM by neighbourhoods of residence and related to the location of rehabilitation units indicated in the Protocol of the Rio de Janeiro State Secretariat of Health (SES/RJ). As a result, 202 cases of CZS were identified in the RMRJ from 2015 to 2017. The RMRJ had 85% of all cases in the state of Rio de Janeiro, the municipality of Rio de Janeiro concentrated 63% of the cases. Accessibility in this municipality is better compared to the others in the RMRJ, as it is the state capital and concentrates most of the specialized services in maternal and child health.

Utilization of maternal and child health services in Enugu, South East, Nigeria

Background: Nigeria continues to have one of the highest rates of maternal mortality in the world at 814 deaths per 100,000 live births despite several efforts. Various factors can influence appropriate utilization of services during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum. This study examined the perceived factors that influence the utilization of maternal and child-health services among mothers in Enugu, South-East Nigeria.Methods: A descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The study population of 323 pregnant women was determined using the Power Analysis formula. The instrument used for data collection was a self-developed questionnaire. Demographic information of the women was also obtained for the study. The analysis was done with the software statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 16.0. Study period was from April 2016 to August 2016.Results: There was high antenatal clinic attendance (93.1%) and utilization of postnatal care services (93.1%). Also, the major factors that influenced the utilization of maternal and child health services were professionally defined needs, accessibility of health care services and economic status.Conclusions: There was high utilization of maternal and child health care services which was influenced by some factors. There is a need for nurses and other health workers to be actively engaged in educating mothers during antenatal visits. Sustainable financial subsidies and community-based initiatives should be developed to encourage early antenatal clinic visits and to provide the necessary information on the importance of facility-based antenatal and postnatal care.

Atenção primária à saúde bucal no Brasil: processo de trabalho das equipes de saúde bucal / Primary dental healthcare in Brazil: the work process of oral health teams

Resumo A garantia de atenção odontológica passa pelo desenvolvimento de práticas pautadas na vigilância em saúde, a fim de concretizar a integralidade. Objetivou-se avaliar a associação entre aspectos contextuais dos municípios brasileiros, características do processo de trabalho e a realização de um rol de procedimentos odontológicos curativos pelas equipes de saúde bucal (ESB). Trata-se de estudo exploratório transversal cuja coleta multicêntrica de dados se deu em 11.374 ESB avaliadas pelo Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica. Foi empregada regressão de Poisson multinível para obtenção da prevalência de realização de procedimentos odontológicos curativos, que foi de 69,51%. As variáveis contextuais e da equipe de saúde que se mantiveram associadas ao desfecho incluíram municípios cuja proporção de internações sensíveis à atenção básica foi menor que 28% e cuja proporção de exodontias foi menor que 8%; bem como ESB de modalidade II que tinham à disposição materiais, insumos e melhores processos de trabalho. Esta análise multinível, que considera o desempenho da atenção odontológica curativa no Brasil, aponta para um cenário de atenção odontológica preocupante.

Abstract Ensuring access to dental care services requires the development of healthsurveillance practices to ensure comprehensive health care. The objective of this study was toinvestigate the association between social and economic indicators of Brazilian municipalities, work process characteristics, and performance of a list of curative dental procedures by oral health teams. It involved an exploratory, cross-sectional study withmulticenter data collection from 11,374 oral health teams assessed by the National Program for Improvement of Access to and Quality of Primary Healthcare. Multilevel Poisson regression was used to obtain the prevalence of curative dental procedures, which was 69.51%. The social/economic and work variables that remained associated with the outcome included municipalities in which the proportion of primary care-sensitive admissions was below 28% and that of tooth extractions below 8%; and oral health teams classified as type II (including oral health assistant and technician) that had different materials available and better work processes. This multilevel analysis, which took into consideration the performance of curative dental care in Brazil, reveals a worrying oral healthcare scenario.

Preferências dos adolescentes sobre os cuidados de saúde / Adolescents' preferences regarding health care

Resumo Os adolescentes subutilizam os serviços de saúde sobretudo para efeitos de vigilância, o que constitui uma preocupação para os profissionais. Porque a adolescência é uma fase crucial à aquisição de comportamentos saudáveis e de atitudes facilitadoras do acesso a estes serviços, por isso encontrar formas de responder às necessidades específicas dos adolescentes, através da sua participação, constitui um importante investimento no bem-estar das gerações futuras. Este estudo exploratório e descritivo, de natureza qualitativa, com duas fases, teve como objetivos identificar e analisar as ideias e preferências dos adolescentes sobre os cuidados de saúde. Realizaram-se oito entrevistas de grupo com 64 adolescentes dos 13 aos 18 anos: quatro grupos focais (fase 1) e quatro grupos nominais (fase 2). Os dados foram tratados através da análise de conteúdo. Emergiram opiniões favoráveis e desfavoráveis. Nas suas preferências destacaram-se, nas condições dos serviços, haver menos tempo de espera e ambientes mais confortáveis e menos lotados; nas atitudes dos profissionais privilegiaram as competências técnicas, como o saber e a experiência, embora associadas às competências relacionais. Os resultados suportam a necessidade de mudanças nas práticas organizacionais e sobretudo nas atitudes dos profissionais.

Abstract Adolescents underutilize health services, especially for monitoring purposes, which represents a concern for professionals. Since adolescence is a crucial phase in acquiring healthy behaviors and attitudes that facilitate access to these services, finding ways to respond to the specific needs of adolescents through their participation is an important investment in the well-being of future generations. This is an exploratory, descriptive and qualitative study with two phases, seeking to identify and analyze adolescents' ideas and preferences about healthcare. Eight group interviews were conducted with 64 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years: four focus groups (phase 1) and four nominal groups (phase 2). The data was submitted to content analysis. The adolescents revealed both favorable and unfavorable opinions, highlighting a set of preferences regarding service conditions, such as short waiting periods, more comfortable and less crowded settings. Concerning the professionals' attitudes, they emphasized their technical competencies, such as knowledge and experience, although combined with interpersonal skills. These findings support the need for changes in organizational practices, and particularly in the attitudes of the professionals.

A influência da Estratégia Saúde da Família no uso de serviços de saúde por crianças no Brasil: análise com escore de propensão dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde / The influence of the Family Healthcare Strategy in the use of healthcare services by children in Brazil: an analysis using the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method of National Health Survey data

Resumo Este estudo verificou a influência da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) no uso de serviços de saúde por crianças brasileiras menores de 5 anos de idade entrevistadas na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) 2013. Utilizou-se o método de Escore de Propensão (EP) para corrigir a falta de comparabilidade entre os grupos de crianças em estudo. O EP foi estimado por meio de regressão logística e reflete a probabilidade condicional de receber o cadastro na ESF dado um conjunto de covariáveis que retratam aspectos socioeconômicos, demográficos, sanitários e de saúde das crianças e das famílias que estes compõem. Foram estimadas as prevalências de consultas médicas e de internações hospitalares e incorporaram-se os efeitos da amostragem complexa da PNS em todas as fases da análise. Verificou-se que as crianças residentes de domicílios com cobertura da ESF têm piores condições socioeconômicas, sanitárias e de saúde, porém elas tiveram estimativas de consultas médicas e de internações hospitalares próximas a de crianças sem esse vínculo assistencial. Os dados sugerem que ESF pode corrigir desigualdades individuais e contextuais que impactam a saúde dos brasileiros ao favorecer o uso de serviços de saúde por crianças mesmo quando possuem piores condições de vida e saúde.

Abstract The scope of this study was to establish the influence of the Family Healthcare Strategy (FHS) in the use of health services for Brazilian children under 5 years of age interviewed in the 2013 National Health Survey (NHS). The Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method was used to correct the lack of comparability between the groups of children under scrutiny. The PSM was estimated by logistic regression and reflects the conditional probability of receiving registration in the FHS given a set of covariates that depict the socioeconomic, demographic, sanitary and health aspects of children and families who comprise same. The prevalence of medical visits and hospitalizations were estimated and incorporate the effects of the complex sample of NHS on all phases of analysis. It was found that children living in households with FHS coverage have worse socioeconomic, sanitary and health conditions, although they had options of medical appointments and hospitalizations close to the children without this healthcare link. The data suggest that the FHS can correct individual and contextual inequalities that impact the health of Brazilians by promoting the use of health services for children even when they have worse living and health conditions.